Diabetes - What You Should Know About Diagnosis & Prevention

Every November, Diabetes Awareness Month highlights one of the UK’s fastest-growing health challenges. More than 5.8 million people in the UK are living with diabetes, and an estimated 850,000 remain undiagnosed (Diabetes UK, 2024).

Understanding the condition, recognising the signs, and knowing when to speak to your GP can make a real difference to long-term health.

What Is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a condition where blood sugar (glucose) levels become too high because the body can’t use insulin effectively or doesn’t produce enough of it.

• Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition in which the pancreas stops producing insulin.
• Type 2 diabetes (T2D) develops when the body becomes resistant to insulin’s effects or gradually produces less of it.

T2D is the most common form, and its onset is often gradual. Many people live with pre-diabetes (also known as non-diabetic hyperglycaemia) for years without knowing.

Unchecked, high blood sugar can lead to complications such as heart disease, nerve damage, eye or kidney issues, which is why early detection and preventive lifestyle steps are so important.

How Your GP Tests for Diabetes

If you notice frequent thirst, increased urination, tiredness, blurred vision or slow-healing wounds, it’s worth discussing these symptoms with your GP.

Typical UK diagnostic tests include:

• HbA1c test – shows average blood sugar levels over the past three months.
  • A result of 48 mmol/mol (6.5 %) or higher indicates diabetes (NICE NG28).
• Fasting plasma glucose test – after at least eight hours without food.
  • 7.0 mmol/L or above may indicate diabetes.
• Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) – measures blood sugar before and two hours after a sugary drink, used when results are borderline.

If results are raised but below diabetic range, you may be told you have pre-diabetes and offered monitoring or referral to the NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NDPP).

The UK National Screening Committee currently does not recommend universal screening for type 2 diabetes, but GPs are encouraged to test those with risk factors such as family history, high blood pressure, or overweight (UK NSC 2023).

Can Type 2 Diabetes Be Hereditary?

Yes, genetics can influence your risk, but it’s not destiny. Having a close relative (parent, brother or sister) with type 2 diabetes increases your likelihood two- to six-fold compared with someone without that history (Diabetes UK, 2023).  This happens because genes affecting insulin production and glucose metabolism can be inherited, but environment and lifestyle still play the largest role.

Regular activity, balanced eating, maintaining a healthy waist circumference, and not smoking all help offset this inherited risk.

Evidence That Prevention Works

Strong UK evidence shows that type 2 diabetes can often be delayed or even prevented:

• The NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme (NDPP) has helped thousands at high risk achieve significant reductions in HbA1c and weight, cutting progression rates.
• The DiRECT trial (University of Glasgow & Newcastle University, 2017–2023) demonstrated that structured lifestyle and weight-management support delivered through primary care led to remission in up to 46 % of participants at one year.
• Public Health England (now OHID) reports that maintaining healthy weight, diet quality, and regular physical activity are the most effective protective factors.

Lifestyle Strategies Beyond Nutrition

While food choices are key, several other areas influence blood sugar and metabolic health:

1. Movement and Exercise

Even modest daily activity improves how muscles use glucose. Both aerobic exercise (like brisk walking or cycling) and strength training enhance insulin sensitivity. 

Breaking up long periods of sitting is also beneficial. Weight training is essential to helping improve insulin sensitivity too.

2. Sleep Quality

Consistently getting less than seven hours’ sleep can impair glucose control.
Prioritise a regular bedtime, reduce evening screen time, and keep the bedroom dark and cool.

3. Stress Management

Chronic stress raises cortisol, a hormone that can elevate blood sugar.
Mindfulness, deep breathing, time in nature, or supportive conversations all help moderate stress responses.

4. Weight and Body Composition

Even a 5–10 % reduction in body weight can significantly improve blood sugar control. Focus on building muscle through gentle resistance exercise and balanced protein intake.

5. Regular Check-ups

For those living with diabetes, the annual review offered by the NHS includes checks for HbA1c, blood pressure, cholesterol, kidney and foot health, all vital for preventing complications (NHS Diabetes Care Processes, 2024).

For everyone else, periodic health checks for blood pressure, waist circumference, and glucose levels can help spot early warning signs.

Taking Action This Diabetes Awareness Month

Diabetes prevention isn’t about perfection - it’s about awareness and steady change.  This November, consider booking a routine health check, reviewing your lifestyle habits, and learning more about how small steps protect long-term health.

Explore related topics in:

• Insulin Resistance and Midlife Weight Gain
• Ultra-Processed Foods: The Hidden Driver of Weight Gain and Low Energy
• or browse the Recipe Section for balanced, real-food meal ideas.

If you’d like personalised support to improve your energy and metabolic health, book a Blood Sugar Balance Consultation.

Disclaimer: This blog is for general educational purposes only and should not replace medical advice. Always consult your GP or healthcare provider before making changes to your diet, medication or lifestyle.

Autumn One Pot Wonder

As the weather turns cooler, there’s something deeply satisfying about a warming one-pot meal. Especially when it’s rich in fibre, packed with seasonal veg, and balanced with enough protein to keep you full for all day.

This recipe delivers around 30 g of protein and over 10 g of fibre per serving. It’s simple to prepare, freezes really well, and works beautifully with autumn ingredients like carrots, swede, kale and leeks.

Why Fibre and Protein Keep You Fuller Longer

Fibre slows the rate at which food leaves the stomach, helping to regulate blood sugar and prevent energy crashes.  Protein adds staying power by moderating appetite hormones such as ghrelin.

Serves 2 

You can make either the beef or vegetarian version using the same base.

Base Ingredients (for both versions)

• 1 tbsp olive oil
• 1 medium leek, trimmed and sliced
• 2 medium carrots, diced
• ½ small swede (about 150 g), diced
• 1 stick celery, chopped
• 2 cloves garlic, crushed
• 1 tsp smoked paprika
• 1 tsp dried thyme
• 1 tbsp tomato purée
• 400g tin chopped tomatoes
• 400ml hot vegetable or beef stock
• 100 g curly kale or cavolo nero, chopped
• Sea salt and black pepper to taste

Beef Version

• 250g beef stewing steak
• 1 x 400 g tin cannellini beans, drained and rinsed

Method

1. Heat the oil in a large saucepan or casserole dish over medium heat. Add the beef pieces and cook for 4–5 minutes, until browned.
2. Add the leek, carrots, swede and celery. Cook for 5 minutes until softened.
3. Stir in garlic, paprika, thyme and tomato purée. Cook for 1 minute until nice and fragrant.
4. Add the chopped tomatoes, stock and beans. Bring to the boil, then reduce heat and simmer gently for 20 minutes.
5. Stir in the kale and cook for another 5 minutes until tender. Season to taste.

Veggie Version

• 100 g dry red lentils, rinsed
• 1 x 400 g tin mixed beans, drained and rinsed
• 1 tbsp tamari (optional, adds umami depth)

Method

1. Heat the oil in a large saucepan. Add the leek, carrots, swede and celery; cook for 5 minutes.
2. Stir in the garlic, paprika, thyme and tomato purée; cook for 1 minute until fragrant.
3. Add the lentils, beans, chopped tomatoes and stock. Bring to the boil, then simmer for 25–30 minutes, stirring occasionally until lentils are tender.
4. Stir in kale and tamri; cook 5 minutes more. 
5. Season to taste.

Swaps for Seasonal Flexibility

• Vegetables: In winter, swap kale for cabbage or spinach; in spring, use peas or courgettes.
• Protein: Replace beef with turkey mince, or swap lentils for chickpeas or edamame beans.
• Texture: Add pearl barley or quinoa (reduce stock slightly) for extra bulk and fibre.
• Flavour boost: A splash of balsamic vinegar at the end brightens the dish.

For more balanced, real-food recipes, visit the Recipe Index.

Ultra-Processed Foods: The Hidden Driver of Weight Gain and Low Energy

Have you ever felt that certain foods actually make you hungrier, less energised, or more prone to snacking? You are not imagining it! The modern food environment is dominated by ultra-processed foods - or UPFs - and they’re quietly influencing how we eat, how full we feel, and how our metabolism functions.

Recent public attention, including Dr Chris van Tulleken’s book Ultra-Processed People and BBC documentary work, has helped reveal what some scientists have known for years: diets high in UPFs are strongly linked to weight gain, poor blood sugar control, and rising rates of metabolic disease.

What Counts as Ultra-Processed?

The term ultra-processed food comes from the NOVA classification, a system developed by Brazilian researchers to categorise foods based on how much they’ve been changed from their original form.

UPFs typically include products made mostly or entirely from industrial ingredients, such as refined starches, oils, sweeteners, flavour enhancers and emulsifiers, with little or no recognisable whole food remaining.

Examples include:

• Breakfast cereals and cereal bars
• Sweetened yoghurts and flavoured milks
• Ready meals and instant noodles
• Soft drinks and sweetened coffees
• Packaged snacks, biscuits and crisps

They’re designed to be convenient, tasty and affordable, but they’re also engineered to keep us coming back for more!

How UPFs Affect Blood Sugar and Cravings

UPFs are often rapidly digested and low in fibre, which causes quick spikes in blood sugar and insulin. These sharp rises are usually followed by a sudden drop, leaving you tired, hungry and craving something sweet or starchy again a few hours later.

In a landmark study at the U.S. National Institutes of Health, participants who ate an ultra-processed diet for two weeks consumed around 500 extra calories per day compared to those on a minimally processed diet, despite being offered the same foods in terms of calories, salt and macronutrients. They didn’t mean to overeat; the texture, speed of eating, and reduced satiety simply made it happen.

As van Tulleken points out, many UPFs are “food-like products” that activate the brain’s reward centres more powerfully than traditional foods. This makes moderation difficult, especially when you’re busy, tired or stressed.

The Link Between UPFs and Weight Gain

While no single food causes weight gain on its own, diets dominated by ultra-processed foods are strongly associated with higher body weight, insulin resistance, and metabolic syndrome. The combination of high energy density, poor nutrient quality, and altered appetite signalling creates a perfect storm for metabolic stress.

Long-term studies have linked high UPF intake with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, depression and even premature death. These effects aren’t just about calories, they relate to how UPFs disrupt hormones such as insulin, ghrelin and leptin, which control appetite and fullness.

Why UPFs Are Hard to Avoid

Around 60% of the average UK diet now comes from UPFs, making avoidance almost impossible. They’re absolutely everywhere - in workplaces, cafés, and supermarkets - marketed as “healthy” or “low-fat”, but often loaded with artificial sweeteners, additives, emulsifiers, or refined grains.

For many clients I see, this leads to confusion and frustration: “I’m eating low-fat yoghurt and wholegrain cereal, so why do I still feel tired and hungry all the time?” The answer often lies in food quality and processing level, not the calorie content.

Simple, Sustainable Food Swaps

Completely cutting out UPFs isn’t realistic for most people and it doesn’t have to be. The aim is to shift the balance towards more whole, minimally processed foods that keep blood sugar stable and support energy and mood.

A few easy swaps:

• Breakfast: swap sweetened cereals for overnight oats with nuts and berries.
• Lunch: trade packaged sandwiches for a homemade wrap with chicken, hummus and vegetables.
• Dinner: replace ready meals with quick stir-fries, soups or traybakes using whole ingredients.
• Snacks: keep nuts, fruit or plain yoghurt handy instead of crisps or biscuits.
• Drinks: switch fizzy drinks for sparkling water with a slice of lemon or a herbal tea.

These small changes add up quickly, improving satiety and naturally reducing cravings, without the need for restriction or “detoxing”.

If you’re curious about how to reduce UPFs in your diet, but worried about the cost, check out my blog, Eat Well, Spend Less for more info.

For practical meal inspiration, visit the recipe section of the blog page for balanced, easy-to-prepare dishes that use real, nutrient-dense ingredients.

Next Steps

Reducing ultra-processed foods isn’t about perfection, it’s about awareness. Understanding how they affect your metabolism and mood allows you to make better choices, even in small steps.

If you’d like ongoing support, recipe ideas and tips for sustainable eating, join my free, private Facebook group where I share regular insights to help you build lasting habits for longterm health and wellbeing.

Disclaimer: This blog is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult your GP or healthcare provider before making changes to your diet, supplements or medication.

Insulin Resistance and Midlife Weight Gain: Why Blood Sugar Balance Matters

If you feel like you’re doing everything right, but your energy still dips mid-afternoon or the scales won’t budge, insulin resistance could be playing a role. It’s one of the most overlooked factors in midlife weight gain and fatigue, but it’s also one that can respond really well to nutrition and lifestyle changes.

What Is Insulin Resistance?

Insulin is a hormone made by the pancreas that helps move glucose (sugar) from your bloodstream into your cells, where it’s used for energy. Over time, especially when the diet is high in refined or ultra-processed foods, your cells can become less responsive or deaf to insulin’s signal. The pancreas compensates by producing more insulin, but chronically high insulin can encourage fat storage, particularly around the middle, and lead to erratic energy and cravings.

Insulin resistance is increasingly common in our 40s and 50s. It isn’t a disease, but a sign that the body’s metabolism needs support. The earlier it’s addressed, the easier it is to rebalance.

Signs and Symptoms to Watch For

Insulin resistance often develops gradually and can go unnoticed for years. Common indicators include:

• Feeling tired or hungry soon after eating
• Energy crashes or brain fog mid-afternoon
• Sugar or carbohydrate cravings
• Difficulty losing weight despite a balanced diet
• Increased waist circumference or stubborn belly fat
• Feeling shaky or irritable if meals are delayed
• Blood tests showing higher fasting glucose or triglycerides

These symptoms don’t diagnose insulin resistance but can indicate that your blood sugar regulation needs support. Discuss any concerns with your GP and request appropriate testing if needed.

How Nutrition Can Support Insulin Sensitivity

Nutrition plays a central role in how our cells respond to insulin. Meals that combine protein, fibre and healthy fats slow the release of glucose into the bloodstream, helping to keep energy levels steady and reduce cravings.

For most people, this isn’t about cutting out all carbohydrates, it’s about choosing the right ones. Whole, minimally processed foods with natural fibre and texture support both blood sugar balance and gut health.

Lifestyle factors matter too. Regular movement, particularly strength or resistance training, encourages muscles to absorb glucose more efficiently. Prioritising sleep and managing stress can also prevent the cortisol spikes that make blood sugar harder to control.

If you’d like to explore how these principles apply to midlife, read my related post on Balancing Blood Sugar in Midlife.

Foods That Improve Insulin Response

A few small dietary shifts can have a big impact on insulin sensitivity and overall metabolic health:

• Protein with every meal: fish, chicken, eggs, tofu, beans or Greek yoghurt help regulate appetite and maintain muscle mass.
• High-fibre carbohydrates: quinoa, legumes, and a wide variety of vegetables slow glucose absorption and support gut microbes.
• Healthy fats: olive oil, avocado, nuts and seeds promote satiety and hormone balance.
• Colourful plants: berries, leafy greens, peppers and cruciferous vegetables provide antioxidants that support cell function.
• Reduce ultra-processed foods: packaged snacks, sugary cereals and convenience meals often combine refined carbohydrates with low-quality fats, disrupting blood sugar control.

A balanced plate might look like grilled salmon with quinoa and broccoli - a simple, nutrient-dense combination that supports steady energy and hormone balance - see image above.

Taking the Next Step

If sugar cravings, fatigue or weight gain feel familiar, it may be time to look beyond willpower and consider what’s might be happening with your blood sugar balance.
Addressing insulin resistance early can transform energy levels, appetite regulation and long-term metabolic health.

You can learn more about building Metabolic Resilience in my post here or book a Blood Sugar Balance Consultation to explore personalised nutrition and lifestyle strategies that work for you.

Disclaimer: This blog is for general educational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice. Please consult your GP or healthcare provider before making changes to your diet, supplements or medication.

My Top Tips to Balancing Blood Sugar in Midlife

Many of my clients notice their energy, appetite and weight begin to shift around perimenopause and menopause. Even if your diet hasn’t changed much, you may feel more tired, experience stronger cravings, or find that weight gathers more easily around your middle. And all those tricks that you used to use to drop half a stone don’t work anymore.

This often links back to changes in blood sugar regulation. Hormonal shifts during menopause can affect how your body responds to carbohydrates and insulin, making it harder to maintain steady energy. The good news is that simple, food-first strategies can make a big difference.

Why Blood Sugar Balance Matters During Menopause

Blood sugar (glucose) is your body’s main source of fuel. After eating, glucose from carbohydrates enters your bloodstream, and the hormone insulin helps move it into your cells for energy.

During perimenopause and after menopause, lower oestrogen levels can make the body less sensitive to insulin. This means glucose stays in the bloodstream for longer, and the body may release more insulin to compensate. Over time, this can lead to energy crashes, increased fat storage, and higher risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease.

Supporting blood sugar balance helps reduce these risks while improving daily energy, focus and mood.

How to Spot Imbalances

Recognising the signs of blood sugar swings can help you spot when you might need to make adjustments.

Cravings, Energy Crashes and Weight Gain
Common signs include:

• Strong cravings for sugary or refined foods, especially mid-morning or mid-afternoon
• Energy slumps a few hours after eating
• Feeling shaky, anxious or irritable if you go too long without food
• Weight gain around the abdomen, even without eating more than usual

These symptoms can have other causes too, so it’s important not to self-diagnose – always check with your GP if something is off. But if they sound familiar, it can be worth experimenting with blood sugar-balancing strategies and monitoring how you feel.

Simple Nutrition Strategies for Steady Energy

The goal is to keep blood sugar levels gently rising and falling through the day, rather than spiking sharply and then crashing. A few small changes to your meals and eating habits can help. 

Here are my top tips to balancing your blood sugar:

Include protein at every meal
Protein slows the release of glucose from food, helping you feel fuller for longer. Aim for 20–30g per meal. Good sources include fish, poultry, eggs, dairy, tofu, tempeh, lentils, beans, nuts and seeds.

Add fibre and healthy fats
Fibre-rich foods like vegetables, fruit, legumes, nuts and seeds help regulate glucose release and support gut health. Healthy fats from olive oil, avocado, nuts and seeds also slow digestion and improve satiety.

Choose whole, minimally processed carbohydrates
Swap refined carbs like white bread, pastries and sugary snacks for veggie alternatives like courgetti, cauliflower rice, or mashed celeriac. These release glucose more gradually.

Balance your plate
As a simple visual guide, aim to fill half your plate with non-starchy vegetables, a quarter with protein, and a quarter with wholegrain or starchy vegetables. Include a small portion of healthy fat such as olive oil or avocado.

Eat three meals a day, no snacks
Spacing those three meals every within a 12-hour window helps maintain steady energy. Grazing all day can keep insulin levels raised, while skipping meals may lead to big spikes and crashes later. This will also give you a lovely 12-hour overnight fast. 

Be mindful with caffeine and alcohol
Too much caffeine on an empty stomach can spike cortisol and blood sugar, while alcohol can cause unstable blood sugar overnight. Try to pair caffeine with food and keep alcohol within recommended limits.

Move your body
Even a short walk after meals can help lower blood glucose levels by encouraging muscles to use glucose for energy. Strength training supports insulin sensitivity and helps preserve muscle, which naturally declines with age.

What next?

Blood sugar balance is one of the most impactful areas to focus on in midlife. It can help reduce cravings, stabilise energy and support healthy weight management - all while lowering the long-term risk of diabetes and heart disease.

Start by making small, sustainable changes to your meals, such as adding more protein and fibre, choosing wholegrains, and spacing meals evenly through the day. These shifts can have a powerful effect on how you feel, think and move through daily life. And if you want to know more about how to put this into practice, why not get in touch?

Autumn Stew with Lentils and Pumpkin

This nourishing, plant-based stew brings together two autumn favourites - lentils and pumpkin - in a warming, hormone-friendly dish. It’s rich in phytoestrogens, plant compounds that can help support hormone balance during the menopause transition. And it helps you get rid of the pumpkin flesh you may be discarding later this month!

Packed with fibre, protein and slow-release carbohydrates, it helps stabilise blood sugar, support gut health and keep energy levels steady through the day. It’s simple to make, budget-friendly, and ideal for batch cooking on busy weeks.

Serves 4

Ingredients

• 1 tbsp olive oil
• 1 red onion, finely chopped
• 2 garlic cloves, crushed
• 1 tsp ground cumin
• 1 tsp smoked paprika
• 1 tsp dried thyme
• 1 bay leaf
• 200g red lentils, rinsed
• 500g pumpkin or butternut squash, peeled and cubed
• 1 carrot, diced
• 1 celery stick, chopped
• 1 x 400g tin chopped tomatoes
• 750ml vegetable stock or bone broth
• 2 tbsp ground flaxseed
• 2 tbsp chopped fresh parsley
• Sea salt and black pepper to taste

Method

1. Heat the olive oil in a large pan. Gently cook the onion and garlic for 5 minutes until softened.
2. Stir in the cumin, smoked paprika and thyme. Cook for 1 minute until fragrant.
3. Add the lentils, pumpkin, carrot, celery, bay leaf, tomatoes and vegetable stock. Stir well.
4. Bring to the boil, then reduce the heat and simmer for 25–30 minutes, until the lentils and vegetables are tender.
5. Stir in the flaxseed and season to taste. Sprinkle with fresh parsley before serving.

Tips for Batch Cooking

This stew freezes beautifully. Make a double batch and portion it into containers once cooled. It will keep for 3 months in the freezer or 4 days in the fridge.

Lentil-based stews often taste even better the next day, once the flavours have deepened. Adding a splash of water when reheating helps restore the texture.

You can also stir through a handful of chopped kale or spinach just before serving for an extra boost of magnesium and antioxidants - helpful nutrients during menopause. A spoonful of natural yoghurt on top adds creaminess and a dose of calcium for bone health.

(Explore more ideas in my Recipe Index)